Long-term monitoring of natural hydrogen superficial emissions in a brazilian cratonic environment. Sporadic large pulses versus daily periodic emissions

In many basins, hydrogen-emitting structures are now observed, but the estimation of the H₂ flow leading to their formation remains poorly constrained since all data show that the H₂ emissions are variable in space and time. We present here the data of a long-term monitoring campaign with a high density of permanent hydrogen detectors installed in 2 structures in the Minas Gerais State (Brazil). Results show that two kinds of signals are recorded, large sporadic pulses that affect the H₂ content of the soil for one or two days and smaller ones, with a daily periodicity, that last 6 h and during which the near surface soil concentration usually does not exceed 200 ppm. This last signal is very regular in frequency, less in amount, and the daily maximum happens around noon or in the early afternoon. We interpret the large pulses as evidences of a deep hydrogen flux, leaking either from a reservoir located in the subsurface, from an aquifer which is degassing or, although it seems unlikely, directly from the H₂ generation area.The time correlation between the pulse and the increase of the daily signal suggests that this last one corresponds to the slow release of the gas that has been captured by the soil during its transport towards the surface. This daily signal is most likely influenced by external factors such as atmospheric pressure and sub-surface bacterial activity. In map view, the lack of correlation between the highest hydrogen concentrations over time suggests that the soil is very heterogeneous and that preferential pathways exist. The results confirm that long-term monitoring, over a few months, is mandatory to catch a certain number of high pulses and so to have a better estimation of the real flow. Data also suggests that sensors with a large concentration range should be used (from 10 to several 10⁴ ppm). Even if quantification of leakage doesn't help to quantify the subsurface reserves, these new data allow a more precise evaluation of the quantity of H₂ released in surface by these structures, few hundred of kilo per day, and confirm the high H₂ prospectivity of this basin.     

Relationship between adjustment of low water level and utilization of water depth in Shashi Reach in middle Yangtze River

Hydrological, sediment, and bathymetric data of the Shashi Reach in the middle Yangtze River for the period of 1975–2018 were collected, and the characteristics of low water level changes and their impacts on utilization of water depth for navigation were investigated. The results showed that, during the study period, the Shashi Reach riverbed was significantly scoured and incised, with cross-sectional profiles showing overall narrowing and deepening. This indicated a strong potential to improve the water depth of the channel. The analysis of the temporal variation of in-channel topographical features showed that the Taipingkou diara underwent siltation and erosion, with its head gradually scoured and relocated downstream after 2008, and the Sanbatan diara continued to shrink and migrate leftwards. Low water levels with the same flow rate over the study period decreased. For instance, from 2003 to 2020, the water level at the Shashi hydrological station decreased to 1.37 m with a flow rate of 6 000 m³/s. Furthermore, the designed minimum navigable water level of the Shashi Reach was approximately 2.11 m lower than the recommended level. In terms of utilization of the channel water depth, continuous scouring of the river channel is expected to result in a reduction in discharge at the Taipingkou mouth, which will improve the water depth conditions of the channel during the dry season in the Shashi Reach. With several channel regulation projects, the 3.5-m depth of the Shashi Reach would basically be unobstructed. This promotes utilization of the shipping route from the Taipingkou south branch to the Sanbatan north branch as the main navigation channel during the dry season. Considering the factors of current water depth and the clear width limitation of the navigation hole at the Jingzhou Yangtze River Bridge, this route can still be favored as the main navigation channel with a 4.5-m depth during the dry season.     

Monitoring water level and volume changes of lakes and reservoirs in the Yellow River Basin using ICESat-2 laser altimetry and Google Earth Engine

Monitoring the water level and volume changes of lakes and reservoirs is essential for deepening our understanding of the temporal and spatial dynamics of water resources in the Yellow River Basin, with a view to better utilizing and managing water resources. In recent years, there have been many studies on monitoring water level and volume changes in inland waters, but they were mainly focused on radar altimetry and the full waveform LiDAR ICESat, which was retired in 2010. Few studies based on the latest photon-counting LiDAR ICESat-2 have been reported. Compared with previous sensors, ICESat-2 has great advantages in footprint size, transmitting frequency, pulse number, etc, but its performance in monitoring water level and volume changes in inland waters has not been fully explored. Here we investigated the spatial distribution of water level and volume changes of 11 lakes and 8 reservoirs in the Yellow River Basin based on ICESat-2 and Google Earth Engine, and analyzed the factors affecting the measurement uncertainties. In-situ validation of lake level in Lake Qinghai indicates that the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of our result is only 7 cm after the reference coordinate system conversion. We found that the water level trend of the natural lake shows significant seasonal variations, while the water level trend of the reservoir shows a sharp rise and fall. In addition, precipitation plays a decisive role in the changes in natural lake levels and indirectly affects the artificial control of reservoirs’ water discharges. The uncertainty of water volume change monitoring is mainly affected by water level measurement uncertainty for lakes, while for reservoirs, that is affected by the combination of water level and area measurement uncertainties. The stability of lake level measurement increases with the increase in photon counts. The introduction of ICESat-2 ATL13 Significant Wave Height might lead larger standard deviation in water level measurement. According to the law of propagation of uncertainty, the uncertainty of the water volume change estimation by the combination of ICESat-2 and GEE is less than 9 %.     

基于分形理论的黄河内蒙古段河势演变特征及其与凌汛灾害关联研究

寒区河道凌汛灾害河势“弯道效应”的量化评估十分重要。基于分形理论提出河道横断面-纵剖面-平面多维度河势分形维数计算方法及其物理机制，并探讨黄河内蒙古段不同维度河势演变分形特征及其与凌汛灾害的关联关系。结果表明，黄河内蒙古段不同维度河势均具有多尺度自相似分形特征，且具有多年记忆周期的长程相关性；冰坝（严重性冰塞）发生频次与河道主槽弯曲分形维数呈正相关指数型函数关系，与河相系数、深泓点高程和河段平均底坡分形维数负相关，与水深-面积分形维数正相关，总体表明冰坝灾害更易发生于主槽偏移摆动大、蜿蜒曲折、河湾发育程度高的宽浅型弯曲河道，研究成果可为凌汛期冰塞冰坝灾害易发河段诊断及预测提供重要理论依据。     

“多能源同盆共存”中铀的煤地球化学研究现状及思路

在阐述“多能源同存共盆”研究理念的由来和产生背景的基础上,从煤地质学的角度,指出了多能源同盆共存理论现有认识中的不足和亟待解决的问题,阐明了在多“能源同盆共存”统一背景下铀的煤地球化学研究的必要性和紧迫性.指出,强化对煤系烃源岩型（或煤系有机岩即煤岩型及煤系泥岩型）铀的富集机理和赋存规律的专项研究是建立“多能源同盆共存”理论的重要基础,进一步深入展开对煤中微量元素、常量元素与铀的赋存状态及其相互关系研究,查明煤中某些显微组分与铀相关性、油气转化过程中铀的地球化学行为,是煤地球化学在建立“多能源同盆共存”理论中应发挥的重要作用.     

渭河盆地斜坡带稳定性两级模糊综合评判

选用多级模糊综合评判的理论与方法，建立了渭河盆地斜坡带稳定性综合评判模型及评判指标、综合评判计算模型。通过两级模糊综合评判，分选出了与渭河盆地斜坡带稳定性相吻合的稳定带、基本稳定带、次不稳定带和不稳定带，其结果较好地反映出了盆地两侧斜坡带的实际稳定程度。为该区的开发建设之布局等提供科学依据。     

平庄盆地地质构造及演化特征

通过野外地质调查及煤田地质、石油地质信息的综合分析，揭示了平庄盆地的地质构造及演化特征.得出如下结论：八里罕拆离断裂是成盆的主控断裂；早期该盆地为地堑式盆地，中晚期演化为半地堑式盆地；挤压构造应力场导致了平庄裂陷盆地消亡；此后该区又经历了北北东向断裂左行走滑（形成了小型拉分盆地，将平庄盆地与相邻的元宝山盆地连通）以及形成北北西向褶皱的构造活动改造.     

江汉盆地盐类矿产的富集规律及找矿方向浅析

江汉盆地白垩—第三系由两大沉积成盐旋回组成,主要含盐层位均位于沉积成盐旋回的中偏上部。控盆断裂的差异性活动,导致了盆地的沉积中心由西向东迁移。盆内断裂将盆地分割成若干个凹陷区和凸起区。根据凹陷特征和所处部位,将其分为三种类型(盆内深凹、盆内浅凹和盆边凹陷),不同类型的凹陷具有不同的成矿特点。盆内凹陷大多是受主干断裂控制的不对称凹陷,其矿物相带的分布也往往表现为靠近主干断裂一侧的偏心环状,这种沉积相模式对在凹陷的不同部位寻找不同的盐类矿产具有一定的指示意义。根据盐类聚集规律,江汉盆地的进一步找盐方向是:1.盆内深凹是找钾有利地段;2.盆内浅凹与盆内深凹过渡带是无水芒硝成矿有利区;3.盆内浅凹缓坡带及宽缓低凸起区是寻找自然硫的重要靶区。     

矿山资源环境一体化思想框架及其应用研究

矿山资源和矿山环境是同一事物的两个侧面。矿山资源是矿山环境的组成部分,是有经济价值的环境;矿山资源的开发过程同时也是环境的改变过程,由矿山资源开发而引起的环境问题,往往是资源不合理利用的结果;矿山环境污染物(如固体废弃物)存在二次开发或资源化的可能。重点探讨矿山资源环境一体化思想框架,并针对广西刁江流域矿山资源开发过程中出现的资源浪费与严重的环境问题,提出了可持续开发对策。